Optional practical training
Optional Practical Training (OPT) Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- What is OPT?
- Who can apply for OPT?
- How is OPT related to the field of study?
- When should application for OPT be made?
- What are all these different OPTs (pre-completion, post-completion, STEM extension) about, and do they each require separate applications?
- What happens if I decide to transfer schools or begin a new program of study while on OPT?
- What information is required in order to apply for OPT?
- What if I cannot find a job or I lose my job after I start working?
- What kinds of work will count toward my employment obligation?
- How long can I work on OPT?
- When can I start to work?
- What happens after I submit my application to the Service Center?
- Can I make changes to my OPT application after the request has been made in SEVIS and/or after the application has been sent to the Service Center?
- What is the "cap-gap" extension, and how do I get it?
- May I work for more than one employer while on OPT?
- How many hours per week may I / must I work while on OPT?
- When can I start working?
- What do I need to report to the Office of International Student Services while I am on OPT?
- May I travel outside the U.S. while on OPT?
- How do I get from OPT (F-1) to H-1B?
Optional practical training (OPT) is defined in the regulations as "temporary employment for practical training directly related to the student's major area of study."
All students that have completed one full year of full-time study toward their current degree (and with the current SEVIS record) may apply for pre- or post-completion OPT. Only students that have completed a degree in one of the STEM majors are eligible for the 17-month STEM extension. Students enrolled exclusively in an English Language Program are not eligible.
To be eligible for the 17-month STEM OPT extension, a student must be engaging in an unexpired authorized period of standard post-completion OPT that was granted on the basis of a bachelor's, masters, or doctoral degree listed in the DHS STEM Designated Degree Program List.
3) How is OPT related to the field of study?
OPT employment must be directly related to your major area of study. That is the purpose of OPT - to gain practical experience in the field of study. If you have more than one major within the current degree program, either field may be chosen.
4) When should application for OPT be made?
An application for OPT consists of four steps:
- The student makes a request for OPT to the DSO;
- after determining eligibility, the DSO submits an OPT recommendation in SEVIS;
- the DSO prepares a Form I-20 with the OPT recommendation and requisite signatures; and
- the student files a Form I-765 (with fee) and the Form I-20 with a USCIS Service Center. These steps must be taken within the deadlines established by the regulations. If an I-765 is submitted before or after the window allowed for that type of OPT, the I-765 may be denied and the fee not returned.
The deadlines are as follows. The dates refer to limits on when the Form I-765 can be received by the USCIS Service Center.
- Pre-completion OPT. Students who have not yet met the one full academic year requirement can file for pre-completion OPT no sooner than 90 days before meeting that requirement, provided the employment start date requested is on or after the date they meet the one full academic year requirement. Students who have already met the one academic year requirement may apply for pre-completion OPT up to 120 days in advance of the requested employment start date.
- Standard post-completion OPT. For standard post-completion OPT, the I-765 must be received by the Service Center no sooner than 90 days before the program end date, and no later than 60 days after the program end date. In addition, the Form I-765 in support of post-completion OPT must be received by the USCIS Service Center no later than 30 days after the DSO submits the OPT recommendation to SEVIS.
- STEM OPT extensions. For the special 17-month STEM extension of OPT, the I-765 must be filed before the student's current post-completion OPT employment authorization expires.
The adjudication process itself takes approximately 90 days. So, you should apply for OPT at least 3 months before you plan to begin employment.
In the case of post-completion OPT, it is possible to apply up to 60 days after the program end date, but the OPT work authorization date can be no later than 60 days after the program end date. Therefore, students applying late should expect to lose some of their OPT period due to the time required to adjudicate the application. Students desiring to make use of the 17-month STEM extension must apply prior to the end of their regular OPT.
An applicant for pre-completion OPT can file a Form I-765 "up to 90 days before being enrolled for one full academic year, provided that the period of employment will not start prior to the completion of the full academic year." This would allow first-year students to obtain pre-completion OPT in the summer after their first year.
The application must also be received at the Service Center within 30 days of the time the request is entered into the Student's SEVIS record. The date will be on the form I-20 that is issued for the purpose of the I-765 application.
5) What are all these different OPTs (pre-completion, post-completion, STEM extension) about, and do they each require separate applications?
The answer to the second part of the question is "yes", each OPT requires a separate application with all required documents, including a new form I-20, new photographs, and an additional fee.
Basically, pre-completion OPT is for part-time work to be done prior to graduation, post-completion is for full-time work done following graduation, and the STEM extension allows students majoring in some Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math programs to extend the full-time OPT for an additional 17 months.
Students who have completed all course work and are only working on their thesis/dissertation or equivalent may apply for either pre- or post-completion OPT and may work full-time on pre-completion OPT. There are advantages and disadvantages to each. Plan to discuss these options in detail with a DSO submitting your application. This chart shows the basic differences.
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The STEM extension is only available to a specific list of majors. Although your degree may be related in some way to Science, Technology, Engineering or Math that does not mean that it is on that list. Check with a DSO to be sure. There is no public list of employers registered with E-verify. You must work with the employer to find out if they are registered and in good standing with E-Verify.
6) What happens if I decide to transfer schools or begin a new program of study while on OPT?
If you transfer to a different school or begin a new program of study while your application is in requested or pending status, the application will be canceled. If your OPT has already been approved, it will end on the date your SEVIS record is released to the new school or you are registered for the new program.
7) What information is required in order to apply for OPT?
The application form itself (form I-765) requires your name, address in the U.S., your Arrival / Departure Record (I-94) number, your Social Security number (if you have one), information regarding previous applications for employment authorization, your current status, the last date of entry into the U.S. and the port of entry. If you are applying for the 17-month stem extension, your degree information and your employer's E-Verify information is also required.
A DSO must also enter some information into the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) in order to create the OPT request and the new form I-20 that must be submitted along with the application. The DSO will need the date you plan to start working, the date you plan to stop working (normally 12 months after the start date for post-completion OPT, or the date your program of study ends for pre-completion OPT), whether the employment will be full-time or part-time, whether you have been a student for one full academic year, your employer's name and address (if you know these), how the work you will be seeking is related to your field of study, and a valid e-mail address.
8) What if I cannot find a job or I lose my job after I start working?
You are allowed up to 90 days of unemployment during the regular post-completion OPT. If you are granted the 17-month STEM extension, an additional 30 days is added to this allowance for a total of 120 days during the 29-month period. The count starts on the start date indicated on your Employment Authorization Document (EAD). Once your allowance is exhausted, either because you have been unable to obtain employment or you have lost your job, your OPT automatically ends, and you must begin a new program of study, obtain a different visa status, or leave the country. There is no grace period for a student who violates F-1 status, including reaching the maximum unemployment period. Unemployment during pre-completion OPT has no effect on your status, but the time granted will be counted against your post-completion OPT allowance.
9) What kinds of work will count toward my employment obligation?
The following activities are considered allowable employment on both pre-completion and standard post-completion OPT, provided that the job is related to the student's program of study:
- Regular paid employment for at least 20 hours per week in a position directly related to the student's program of study.
- Students may work for multiple employers, as long as it is directly related to the student's program of study.
- Payment by multiple short-term employers. SEVP says that "Students, such as musicians and other performing artists may work for multiple short term employers (gigs). The student should maintain a list of all gigs, the dates and duration. If requested by DHS, students must be prepared to provide evidence showing a list of all gigs."
- Work for hire. SEVP says, "This is also commonly referred to as 1099 employment where an individual performs a service based on a contractual relationship rather than an employment relationship. If requested by DHS, students must be prepared to provide evidence showing the duration of the contract periods and the name and address of the contracting company."
- Self-employed business owner. SEVP says, "Students on OPT may start a business and be self-employed. In this situation, the student must work full time. The student must be able to prove that he or she has the proper business licenses and is actively engaged in a business related to the student's degree program."
- Employment through an agency. SEVP says, "Students on post-completion OPT must be able to provide evidence showing they worked an average of at least 20 hours per week while employed by the agency."
- Volunteers or unpaid interns. SEVP says, "Students may work as volunteers or unpaid interns, where this does not violate any labor laws. The work must be at least 20 hours per week for students on post-completion OPT. These students must be able to provide evidence from the employer that the student worked at least 20 hours per week during the period of employment."
- Note that a volunteer position or unpaid internship would be a valid option for someone who otherwise might not meet the minimum employment requirement.
10) How long can I work on OPT?
- The regular post-completion OPT allowance is 12 months for each degree level. You may work 12 months following completion of your bachelor's degree, another 12 after your master's and 12 more after completing your doctorate. However, any part-time, pre-completion OPT used during the qualifying degree program will count against that 12 month total at 50%. In other words, if you work 4 months of pre-completion OPT, you will only have 12 months remaining of post-completion OPT (4 months X 50% = 2 months; 12 months - 2 months = 10 months). The 17-month STEM extension is added to whatever post-completion OPT remains after deduction the pre-completion amount. You must also begin your post-completion OPT within 60 days of your program end date. If you wait too late to apply, regardless of when your application is adjudicated, your EAD start date will be the 60th day following your program end date. So you could, in effect lose some of your work time and/or your unemployment allowance.
- Use of full-time CPT may also affect your OPT eligibility. If you use less than 12 months of full-time CPT, your OPT will not be affected. Part-time CPT does not affect your OPT at all. However, F-1 students who engage in an aggregate of 12 months or more of full-time curricular practical training at the same educational level become ineligible for optional practical training.
- Also, while only 12 months total is allowed for standard OPT at each educational level, the 12 months can be split in order to allow you to work part of your OPT based upon one degree and the other part based upon another. For example, a student completing a Master's degree in Computer Science could work 6 months in that field, complete a second degree in Management, and, then, do another 6 months of OPT in that field. Students planning to apply for the 17-month STEM extension should keep in mind that the extension is only applicable to OPT done in a STEM major.
A student cannot begin OPT employment until the start date indicated on the EAD issued by USCIS.
The effective date of the Employment Authorization Document (EAD) issued by USCIS for standard pre-completion or post-completion OPT will be either the start date requested by the DSO when the recommendation was done in SEVIS, or the date USCIS approves the application for work authorization, whichever occurs later.
For standard post-completion OPT, a student may not request a start date that is more than 60 days after the student's program end date. This restriction is related to the requirement that all standard post-completion OPT must be completed within 14 months of the completion of study. To enforce this, SEVIS will not accept an OPT recommendation with an employment start date that is more than 61 days beyond the program end date.
The end-date for post-completion OPT will be the earliest of:
- The requested end date
- The date on which the student's remaining allotment of OPT expires
- 14 months after the student's program end date
The practical consequence of these provisions is that the latest expiration date on a standard post-completion OPT EAD will be 14 months after the program end date. For students whose EADs begin shortly after the program end date, a full 12 months can easily fit into the 14 month window. For students whose EADs are approved more than 60 days after the program end date, though, a full 12 months cannot fit into the 14 month window. In that case, the OPT period will be truncated, and the student will lose practical training time. Students should bear this in mind when deciding when to apply for OPT.
The employment authorization period for the 17-month OPT extension begins on the day after the expiration of the initial post-completion OPT employment authorization and ends 17 months thereafter, regardless of the date the actual extension is approved. A student who has applied for a STEM extension can continue working for up to 180 days beyond the expiration of the prior post-completion OPT EAD while the STEM extension application is pending.
12) What happens after I submit my application to the Service Center?
If USCIS approves the application, it will issue an EAD. If USCIS wants more information, they can send a request for evidence (RFE). If ineligibility is determined, USCIS should indicate the reason for denial in a written notice sent to the student. There is no formal appeal from a denial, but the student may file a motion to reopen or reconsider the decision, if such a motion has merit.
Students may anticipate variation in USCIS processing times for EADs.
- To find out what average USCIS processing times are, or check the status of a pending application for which you have a receipt number, use the USCIS Case Status Service Online (https://egov.uscis.gov/cris/jsps/index.jsp).
- For the standard 12-month OPT, i f your start date is within 4 weeks, you have a firm offer of employment, and your EAD has not yet arrived, contact the Office of International Student Services to request that we contact the Service Center on your behalf.
- If your application has been pending for more than 90 days, we may also be able to assist you, but it may require that you make a trip to Chicago.
13) Can I make changes to my OPT application after the request has been made in SEVIS and/or after the application has been sent to the Service Center?
Yes, but the answer varies somewhat depending upon how far along the process has advanced.
Once the information has been entered in SEVIS and your new form I-20 has been issued, you have only 30 days to submit the application. Prior to submitting the application, if you change your mind about applying or any of the information that has been submitted, just contact the DSO, request the change, get another form I-20, and submit that with the application.
If the I-765 OPT EAD application has already been filed with a USCIS Service Center, but has not yet been adjudicated, you must contact the Service Center directly to have the I-765 withdrawn. DHS regulations allow an application to be withdrawn "at any time until a decision is issued...However, a withdrawal may not be retracted," and DHS's "acknowledgement of a withdrawal may not be appealed."
If the withdrawal is done by mail or fax, it should be done with a letter signed by the student. The letter should include the following elements:
- Note "Re: I-765 Withdrawal" on the letter
- Include biographical information to identify the student, including name, date of birth, and SEVIS ID number
- Reference the receipt number for the I-765 application (from the Form I-797 receipt notice); a copy of the receipt notice can also be helpful
- Specific request that the Form I-765 application for Optional Practical Training be withdrawn
- Student's signature
If the withdrawal request is made by e-mail, the e-mail should include the following elements:
- The subject line of the e-mail should read "I-765 Withdrawal"
- Include biographical information to identify the student, including name, date of birth, and SEVIS ID number
- Reference the receipt number for the I-765 application (from the Form I-797 receipt notice)
- Specific request that the Form I-765 application for Optional Practical Training be withdrawn
- The e-mail should be sent by the student to the DSO, who will then forward it to the Service Center.
If your request shows incorrect information, for example it still shows as "requested" when you have actually received a receipt notice and it should be showing as "pending", or it is showing as "pending" when you have already received your EAD and it should be showing as "approved", the DSO can request a correction so that your current form I-20 will print with the correct information.
If you decide that you no longer wish to use your OPT after the application has been approved (in order to save it until later), you may request to have the authorization withdrawn, but you will lose your fee.
14) What is the "cap-gap" extension, and how do I get it?
Former students for whom a prospective employer has filed an H-1B petition and whose OPT authorization expires between the April 1 H-1B filing date and the October 1 H-1B employment date receive an automatic extension of their OPT through September 30 if their H-1B is approved. There may be a shorter extension applied while students are awaiting the adjudication of the H-1B petition if it was filed correctly and on time. If, however, the H-1B is denied, the extension ends immediately, and, if the student has already exceeded the 60-day grace period following the OPT end date, the student must leave the U.S. immediately. Therefore, it may be advantageous to those students qualifying for the STEM extension to file for that (and thus obtain a second chance for the H-1B) rather than depend solely upon the "cap-gap" extension. Students that do qualify for the "cap-gap" extension and are approved for the H-1B change of status, and that need the "cap-gap" extension information added to their form I-20 should send a copy of the H-1B approval along with a request for the comments to be added to the I-20 to the DSO. Students participating in the "cap-gap" extension may not travel and re-enter the U.S. since their EAD card has necessarily expired. See these links for additional information:
US ICE Information for Employers on the Cap-Gap Extension of Optional Practical Training
US ICE Supplemental Guidance on the Cap-Gap Extension
"Cap-Gap" Extension Questions and Answers
USCIS Cap-Gap Questions and Answers
15) May I work for more than one employer while on OPT?
Yes, you may work for more than one employer at a time, more than one following another, or even, under special circumstances, for yourself as long as the employment qualifies under OPT standards. The STEM extension requires that all the employer(s) be enrolled in E-Verify.
16) How many hours per week may I / must I work while on OPT?
While on pre-completion OPT and completing course work, you must limit your employment to no more than 20 hours per week. Full-time employment can be requested for pre-completion OPT done during official school breaks, and for students who have completed all requirements for their degree except for thesis or dissertation (but these students must continue to make normal progress towards completing the thesis or dissertation required for their degree). For post-completion OPT, a student must be employed for at least 20 hours per week.
For pre-completion OPT or regular post-completion OPT, work can begin only after receiving EAD issued by USCIS, and on or after the start date on the EAD. Students that have applied correctly and in a timely manner for the 17-month STEM extension may continue working for up to 180 days while awaiting the arrival of their new EAD.
18) What do I need to report to the Office of International Student Services while I am on OPT?
While you are on OPT, you are still in F-1 student status and are responsible for reporting to the Office of International Student Services the status of your OPT request (whether you received your EAD, etc.), any changes of address, changes of employer, any periods of unemployment, or any other information regarding your student status that may change. Changes in your name, address, employer or loss of employment must be reported within 10 days. The employer of a student under extended OPT must report to the student’s school DSO within 48 hours after the student leaves employment with that employer. Those on the STEM extension must also send a validation report every 6 months, starting from the STEM extension start date and ending when your F-1 status or STEM extension ends, whichever is first.
19) May I travel outside the U.S. while on OPT?
A student who has both an EAD for post-completion OPT and a job should not experience difficulty reentering the United States. If either of these two conditions is missing, then the student is assuming risk. Students with both a valid EAD and a job should carry with them a letter from the employer stating that the student is temporarily travelling abroad but will return to resume employment. Inclusion in the letter of the dates of the temporary absence may be helpful. This does not apply to pre-completion OPT. There are no restrictions upon travel while on pre-completion OPT other than those applicable to all F-1 students. Students participating in the "cap-gap" extension may not travel and re-enter, since their EAD cards will have necessarily expired. Students participating in the STEM extension may travel even if they have not yet received their new EAD cards, but they must carry the receipt notice. Students with an expired visa may be able to obtain a visa renewal while travelling abroad, but they should also understand that they run a higher risk of denial.
20) How do I get from OPT (F-1) to H-1B?
You cannot apply directly for H-1B yourself. A prospective employer must apply for H-1B on your behalf. Once you find an employer willing to file the petition, encourage that employer to do so on April 1, the first day the applications can be filed. In recent years, all H-1B slots have been filled on the very first day. If you are still in OPT when the application is filed, you will qualify for the "cap-gap" extension and will be allowed to continue working until your H-1B has been denied, or, if approved, until it takes effect on October 1. If your OPT has ended, but you are still in your 60-day grace period when the application is submitted, you cannot work, but you can remain in the U.S. until the petition is denied, or, if approved, until the H-1B becomes effective on October 1.
Be very careful with the H-1B application. If a company does not really plan to employ you, and/or you do not plan to work for them, do not allow that company to file an H-1B petition for you. At worst an employer who files a petition knowing that it will never employ you has committed fraud and perhaps involved you in the fraud. “Agencies” who file petitions for you hoping that they might eventually find work for you but knowing that they will “bench” you (place you in an “unproductive status”—which is prohibited by law) until then also violate the law and jeopardize your status. Some students on OPT seem to have fallen into the trap of allowing such petitions to be filed for them while they search for the job they really want. Don’t make this mistake. It is a serious one.
When in doubt consult an immigration attorney. The UIS Office of International Student Services is not authorized to provide guidance related to H-1B petitions by outside organizations. H-1B petitions for UIS employees are handled by the Office of International Programs.
